1 // Output streams -*- C++ -*-
2
3 // Copyright (C) 1997-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 //
5 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
6 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
7 // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
8 // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
9 // any later version.
10
11 // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 // GNU General Public License for more details.
15
16 // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
17 // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
18 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
19
20 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
21 // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
22 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see
23 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
24
25 /** @file include/ostream
26 * This is a Standard C++ Library header.
27 */
28
29 //
30 // ISO C++ 14882: 27.6.2 Output streams
31 //
32
33 #ifndef _GLIBCXX_OSTREAM
34 #define _GLIBCXX_OSTREAM 1
35
36 #pragma GCC system_header
37
38 #include <ios>
39 #include <bits/ostream_insert.h>
40
41 namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
42 {
43 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
44
45 /**
46 * @brief Template class basic_ostream.
47 * @ingroup io
48 *
49 * @tparam _CharT Type of character stream.
50 * @tparam _Traits Traits for character type, defaults to
51 * char_traits<_CharT>.
52 *
53 * This is the base class for all output streams. It provides text
54 * formatting of all builtin types, and communicates with any class
55 * derived from basic_streambuf to do the actual output.
56 */
57 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
58 class basic_ostream : virtual public basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>
59 {
60 public:
61 // Types (inherited from basic_ios):
62 typedef _CharT char_type;
63 typedef typename _Traits::int_type int_type;
64 typedef typename _Traits::pos_type pos_type;
65 typedef typename _Traits::off_type off_type;
66 typedef _Traits traits_type;
67
68 // Non-standard Types:
69 typedef basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> __streambuf_type;
70 typedef basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits> __ios_type;
71 typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> __ostream_type;
72 typedef num_put<_CharT, ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> >
73 __num_put_type;
74 typedef ctype<_CharT> __ctype_type;
75
76 /**
77 * @brief Base constructor.
78 *
79 * This ctor is almost never called by the user directly, rather from
80 * derived classes' initialization lists, which pass a pointer to
81 * their own stream buffer.
82 */
83 explicit
84 basic_ostream(__streambuf_type* __sb)
85 { this->init(__sb); }
86
87 /**
88 * @brief Base destructor.
89 *
90 * This does very little apart from providing a virtual base dtor.
91 */
92 virtual
93 ~basic_ostream() { }
94
95 /// Safe prefix/suffix operations.
96 class sentry;
97 friend class sentry;
98
99 //@{
100 /**
101 * @brief Interface for manipulators.
102 *
103 * Manipulators such as @c std::endl and @c std::hex use these
104 * functions in constructs like "std::cout << std::endl". For more
105 * information, see the iomanip header.
106 */
107 __ostream_type&
108 operator<<(__ostream_type& (*__pf)(__ostream_type&))
109 {
110 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
111 // DR 60. What is a formatted input function?
112 // The inserters for manipulators are *not* formatted output functions.
113 return __pf(*this);
114 }
115
116 __ostream_type&
117 operator<<(__ios_type& (*__pf)(__ios_type&))
118 {
119 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
120 // DR 60. What is a formatted input function?
121 // The inserters for manipulators are *not* formatted output functions.
122 __pf(*this);
123 return *this;
124 }
125
126 __ostream_type&
127 operator<<(ios_base& (*__pf) (ios_base&))
128 {
129 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
130 // DR 60. What is a formatted input function?
131 // The inserters for manipulators are *not* formatted output functions.
132 __pf(*this);
133 return *this;
134 }
135 //@}
136
137 //@{
138 /**
139 * @name Inserters
140 *
141 * All the @c operator<< functions (aka <em>formatted output
142 * functions</em>) have some common behavior. Each starts by
143 * constructing a temporary object of type std::basic_ostream::sentry.
144 * This can have several effects, concluding with the setting of a
145 * status flag; see the sentry documentation for more.
146 *
147 * If the sentry status is good, the function tries to generate
148 * whatever data is appropriate for the type of the argument.
149 *
150 * If an exception is thrown during insertion, ios_base::badbit
151 * will be turned on in the stream's error state without causing an
152 * ios_base::failure to be thrown. The original exception will then
153 * be rethrown.
154 */
155
156 //@{
157 /**
158 * @brief Integer arithmetic inserters
159 * @param __n A variable of builtin integral type.
160 * @return @c *this if successful
161 *
162 * These functions use the stream's current locale (specifically, the
163 * @c num_get facet) to perform numeric formatting.
164 */
165 __ostream_type&
166 operator<<(long __n)
167 { return _M_insert(__n); }
168
169 __ostream_type&
170 operator<<(unsigned long __n)
171 { return _M_insert(__n); }
172
173 __ostream_type&
174 operator<<(bool __n)
175 { return _M_insert(__n); }
176
177 __ostream_type&
178 operator<<(short __n);
179
180 __ostream_type&
181 operator<<(unsigned short __n)
182 {
183 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
184 // 117. basic_ostream uses nonexistent num_put member functions.
185 return _M_insert(static_cast<unsigned long>(__n));
186 }
187
188 __ostream_type&
189 operator<<(int __n);
190
191 __ostream_type&
192 operator<<(unsigned int __n)
193 {
194 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
195 // 117. basic_ostream uses nonexistent num_put member functions.
196 return _M_insert(static_cast<unsigned long>(__n));
197 }
198
199 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_LONG_LONG
200 __ostream_type&
201 operator<<(long long __n)
202 { return _M_insert(__n); }
203
204 __ostream_type&
205 operator<<(unsigned long long __n)
206 { return _M_insert(__n); }
207 #endif
208 //@}
209
210 //@{
211 /**
212 * @brief Floating point arithmetic inserters
213 * @param __f A variable of builtin floating point type.
214 * @return @c *this if successful
215 *
216 * These functions use the stream's current locale (specifically, the
217 * @c num_get facet) to perform numeric formatting.
218 */
219 __ostream_type&
220 operator<<(double __f)
221 { return _M_insert(__f); }
222
223 __ostream_type&
224 operator<<(float __f)
225 {
226 // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
227 // 117. basic_ostream uses nonexistent num_put member functions.
228 return _M_insert(static_cast<double>(__f));
229 }
230
231 __ostream_type&
232 operator<<(long double __f)
233 { return _M_insert(__f); }
234 //@}
235
236 /**
237 * @brief Pointer arithmetic inserters
238 * @param __p A variable of pointer type.
239 * @return @c *this if successful
240 *
241 * These functions use the stream's current locale (specifically, the
242 * @c num_get facet) to perform numeric formatting.
243 */
244 __ostream_type&
245 operator<<(const void* __p)
246 { return _M_insert(__p); }
247
248 /**
249 * @brief Extracting from another streambuf.
250 * @param __sb A pointer to a streambuf
251 *
252 * This function behaves like one of the basic arithmetic extractors,
253 * in that it also constructs a sentry object and has the same error
254 * handling behavior.
255 *
256 * If @p __sb is NULL, the stream will set failbit in its error state.
257 *
258 * Characters are extracted from @p __sb and inserted into @c *this
259 * until one of the following occurs:
260 *
261 * - the input stream reaches end-of-file,
262 * - insertion into the output sequence fails (in this case, the
263 * character that would have been inserted is not extracted), or
264 * - an exception occurs while getting a character from @p __sb, which
265 * sets failbit in the error state
266 *
267 * If the function inserts no characters, failbit is set.
268 */
269 __ostream_type&
270 operator<<(__streambuf_type* __sb);
271 //@}
272
273 //@{
274 /**
275 * @name Unformatted Output Functions
276 *
277 * All the unformatted output functions have some common behavior.
278 * Each starts by constructing a temporary object of type
279 * std::basic_ostream::sentry. This has several effects, concluding
280 * with the setting of a status flag; see the sentry documentation
281 * for more.
282 *
283 * If the sentry status is good, the function tries to generate
284 * whatever data is appropriate for the type of the argument.
285 *
286 * If an exception is thrown during insertion, ios_base::badbit
287 * will be turned on in the stream's error state. If badbit is on in
288 * the stream's exceptions mask, the exception will be rethrown
289 * without completing its actions.
290 */
291
292 /**
293 * @brief Simple insertion.
294 * @param __c The character to insert.
295 * @return *this
296 *
297 * Tries to insert @p __c.
298 *
299 * @note This function is not overloaded on signed char and
300 * unsigned char.
301 */
302 __ostream_type&
303 put(char_type __c);
304
305 /**
306 * @brief Core write functionality, without sentry.
307 * @param __s The array to insert.
308 * @param __n Maximum number of characters to insert.
309 */
310 void
311 _M_write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
312 {
313 const streamsize __put = this->rdbuf()->sputn(__s, __n);
314 if (__put != __n)
315 this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
316 }
317
318 /**
319 * @brief Character string insertion.
320 * @param __s The array to insert.
321 * @param __n Maximum number of characters to insert.
322 * @return *this
323 *
324 * Characters are copied from @p __s and inserted into the stream until
325 * one of the following happens:
326 *
327 * - @p __n characters are inserted
328 * - inserting into the output sequence fails (in this case, badbit
329 * will be set in the stream's error state)
330 *
331 * @note This function is not overloaded on signed char and
332 * unsigned char.
333 */
334 __ostream_type&
335 write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
336 //@}
337
338 /**
339 * @brief Synchronizing the stream buffer.
340 * @return *this
341 *
342 * If @c rdbuf() is a null pointer, changes nothing.
343 *
344 * Otherwise, calls @c rdbuf()->pubsync(), and if that returns -1,
345 * sets badbit.
346 */
347 __ostream_type&
348 flush();
349
350 /**
351 * @brief Getting the current write position.
352 * @return A file position object.
353 *
354 * If @c fail() is not false, returns @c pos_type(-1) to indicate
355 * failure. Otherwise returns @c rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0,cur,out).
356 */
357 pos_type
358 tellp();
359
360 /**
361 * @brief Changing the current write position.
362 * @param __pos A file position object.
363 * @return *this
364 *
365 * If @c fail() is not true, calls @c rdbuf()->pubseekpos(pos). If
366 * that function fails, sets failbit.
367 */
368 __ostream_type&
369 seekp(pos_type);
370
371 /**
372 * @brief Changing the current write position.
373 * @param __off A file offset object.
374 * @param __dir The direction in which to seek.
375 * @return *this
376 *
377 * If @c fail() is not true, calls @c rdbuf()->pubseekoff(off,dir).
378 * If that function fails, sets failbit.
379 */
380 __ostream_type&
381 seekp(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);
382
383 protected:
384 basic_ostream()
385 { this->init(0); }
386
387 template<typename _ValueT>
388 __ostream_type&
389 _M_insert(_ValueT __v);
390 };
391
392 /**
393 * @brief Performs setup work for output streams.
394 *
395 * Objects of this class are created before all of the standard
396 * inserters are run. It is responsible for <em>exception-safe prefix and
397 * suffix operations</em>.
398 */
399 template <typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
400 class basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry
401 {
402 // Data Members.
403 bool _M_ok;
404 basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& _M_os;
405
406 public:
407 /**
408 * @brief The constructor performs preparatory work.
409 * @param __os The output stream to guard.
410 *
411 * If the stream state is good (@a __os.good() is true), then if the
412 * stream is tied to another output stream, @c is.tie()->flush()
413 * is called to synchronize the output sequences.
414 *
415 * If the stream state is still good, then the sentry state becomes
416 * true (@a okay).
417 */
418 explicit
419 sentry(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os);
420
421 /**
422 * @brief Possibly flushes the stream.
423 *
424 * If @c ios_base::unitbuf is set in @c os.flags(), and
425 * @c std::uncaught_exception() is true, the sentry destructor calls
426 * @c flush() on the output stream.
427 */
428 ~sentry()
429 {
430 // XXX MT
431 if (bool(_M_os.flags() & ios_base::unitbuf) && !uncaught_exception())
432 {
433 // Can't call flush directly or else will get into recursive lock.
434 if (_M_os.rdbuf() && _M_os.rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
435 _M_os.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
436 }
437 }
438
439 /**
440 * @brief Quick status checking.
441 * @return The sentry state.
442 *
443 * For ease of use, sentries may be converted to booleans. The
444 * return value is that of the sentry state (true == okay).
445 */
446 #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
447 explicit
448 #endif
449 operator bool() const
450 { return _M_ok; }
451 };
452
453 //@{
454 /**
455 * @brief Character inserters
456 * @param __out An output stream.
457 * @param __c A character.
458 * @return out
459 *
460 * Behaves like one of the formatted arithmetic inserters described in
461 * std::basic_ostream. After constructing a sentry object with good
462 * status, this function inserts a single character and any required
463 * padding (as determined by [22.2.2.2.2]). @c __out.width(0) is then
464 * called.
465 *
466 * If @p __c is of type @c char and the character type of the stream is not
467 * @c char, the character is widened before insertion.
468 */
469 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
470 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
471 operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, _CharT __c)
472 { return __ostream_insert(__out, &__c, 1); }
473
474 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
475 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
476 operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
477 { return (__out << __out.widen(__c)); }
478
479 // Specialization
480 template <class _Traits>
481 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
482 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
483 { return __ostream_insert(__out, &__c, 1); }
484
485 // Signed and unsigned
486 template<class _Traits>
487 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
488 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, signed char __c)
489 { return (__out << static_cast<char>(__c)); }
490
491 template<class _Traits>
492 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
493 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, unsigned char __c)
494 { return (__out << static_cast<char>(__c)); }
495 //@}
496
497 //@{
498 /**
499 * @brief String inserters
500 * @param __out An output stream.
501 * @param __s A character string.
502 * @return out
503 * @pre @p __s must be a non-NULL pointer
504 *
505 * Behaves like one of the formatted arithmetic inserters described in
506 * std::basic_ostream. After constructing a sentry object with good
507 * status, this function inserts @c traits::length(__s) characters starting
508 * at @p __s, widened if necessary, followed by any required padding (as
509 * determined by [22.2.2.2.2]). @c __out.width(0) is then called.
510 */
511 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
512 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
513 operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, const _CharT* __s)
514 {
515 if (!__s)
516 __out.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
517 else
518 __ostream_insert(__out, __s,
519 static_cast<streamsize>(_Traits::length(__s)));
520 return __out;
521 }
522
523 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
524 basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> &
525 operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, const char* __s);
526
527 // Partial specializations
528 template<class _Traits>
529 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
530 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const char* __s)
531 {
532 if (!__s)
533 __out.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
534 else
535 __ostream_insert(__out, __s,
536 static_cast<streamsize>(_Traits::length(__s)));
537 return __out;
538 }
539
540 // Signed and unsigned
541 template<class _Traits>
542 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
543 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const signed char* __s)
544 { return (__out << reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__s)); }
545
546 template<class _Traits>
547 inline basic_ostream<char, _Traits> &
548 operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, const unsigned char* __s)
549 { return (__out << reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__s)); }
550 //@}
551
552 // Standard basic_ostream manipulators
553
554 /**
555 * @brief Write a newline and flush the stream.
556 *
557 * This manipulator is often mistakenly used when a simple newline is
558 * desired, leading to poor buffering performance. See
559 * http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/bk01pt11ch25s02.html
560 * for more on this subject.
561 */
562 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
563 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
564 endl(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
565 { return flush(__os.put(__os.widen('\n'))); }
566
567 /**
568 * @brief Write a null character into the output sequence.
569 *
570 * <em>Null character</em> is @c CharT() by definition. For CharT
571 * of @c char, this correctly writes the ASCII @c NUL character
572 * string terminator.
573 */
574 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
575 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
576 ends(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
577 { return __os.put(_CharT()); }
578
579 /**
580 * @brief Flushes the output stream.
581 *
582 * This manipulator simply calls the stream's @c flush() member function.
583 */
584 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
585 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
586 flush(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
587 { return __os.flush(); }
588
589 #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
590 /**
591 * @brief Generic inserter for rvalue stream
592 * @param __os An input stream.
593 * @param __x A reference to the object being inserted.
594 * @return os
595 *
596 * This is just a forwarding function to allow insertion to
597 * rvalue streams since they won't bind to the inserter functions
598 * that take an lvalue reference.
599 */
600 template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Tp>
601 inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
602 operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __os, const _Tp& __x)
603 { return (__os << __x); }
604 #endif // C++11
605
606 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
607 } // namespace std
608
609 #include <bits/ostream.tcc>
610
611 #endif /* _GLIBCXX_OSTREAM */
612